Évian Accords

This article is about the Évian Accords. For the bottled water, see Evian.

Évian Accords

Signed	18 March 1962 (1962-03-18)
Location	Évian-les-Bains, France
Signatories	Louis Joxe Krim Belkacem
Parties	French Republic Provisional Government of Algeria
Languages	French

The Évian Accords were a set of declarations between the French Government and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic on 18th March 1962 in Évian-les-Bains which outlined the agreements for Algeria's Independence alongside cooperation with France. The Accords consisted of five chapters which detailed the guarantees and principals of this Independence. The Accords ended the Algerian War with a cease-fire that was declared on the 19th March 1962, and effectively formalised the status of Algeria as an independent nation.

Content of Évian Accords

Summary

The Évian Accords consisted of 93 pages of detailed agreements and arrangements. In essence these covered cease-fire arrangements, prisoner releases, the recognition of full sovereignty and right to self-determination of Algeria, in addition to guarantees of protection, non-discrimination and property rights for all Algerian citizens. A section dealing with military issues provided for the withdrawal of French forces over a period of two years, with the exception of those garrisoning the French military base of Mers El Kébir. Other provisions pledged that there would be no sanctions for any acts committed prior to the ceasefire.

Chapter 1: Organisation of Public Powers During the Transition Period and Self-Determination Guarantees

Chapter One dictated that a referendum would be held to determine Algeria's independence through cooperation with France. It was established that should a self-determination vote succeed, the National Liberation Front (F.L.N) would be recognised as a legal political body.

Chapter 2: Independence and Cooperation

Chapter Two covered the specifics of Algeria's independence, and what its cooperation with France would entail. It declared that upon a vote of self-determination, the Algerian State would in its own rights exercise full and complete sovereignty. This section also guaranteed the interests of France in exchange for France's provision of technical and cultural assistance, and social and economic aid. These interests referred specifically to the exercise of mining titles granted by France, preference in granting new mining titles to French companies, and the purchase of Saharan hydrocarbons to be conducted in francs.

Chapter 3: Settlement of Military Questions

Chapter Three covered the withdrawal of French forces from Algerian territory. It was established that they would be gradually reduced following the initial ceasefire, and fully withdrawn from the frontiers of Algeria after a vote of self-determination.

This section also referred to the agreements of Algeria and France's military cooperation, dictating that the Mets-el-Kebir naval base in the Oran should be leased to France for a period of 15 years. It also granted France a number of military airfields within Algerian territory.

Chapter 4: Settlement of Litigation

Chapter Four granted both states recourse to the International Court of Justice if any differences that arose could not be settled through either arbitration of conciliation.

Chapter 5: Consequences of Self-Determination

Chapter Five outlined the consequences of self-determination as the following: Algeria's Independence from France would be recognised by France immediately, the transfer of jurisdiction would be realised, any regulations would come into force simultaneously, and that an election for the Algerian National Assembly would be organised by the provisional executive within a period of three weeks.

The vote

In a referendum held on 8 April 1962, the French electorate approved the Accords, with almost 91% in favour. The final result was 17,866,423 in favour of Algerian independence, and 1,809,074 against.

On 1 July, the Accords were subject to a second referendum in Algeria, where with 5,975,581 voted for independence and just 16,534 against. De Gaulle pronounced Algeria an independent country on 3 July.

The negotiators

Algerian delegation Krim Belkacem Hamoud Ameur Saad Dahlab Benmostefa Benaouda Lakhdar Bentobal Taïeb Boulahrouf Mohamed Seddik Benyahia Seghir Mostefaï Redha Malek Ali Mimouni M'Hamed Yazid Ahmed Boumendjel Ahmed Francis

French delegation Louis Joxe Bernard Tricot Roland Cadet Yves Roland-Billecart Claude Chayet Bruno de Leusse Vincent Labouret Jean Simon Hubert de Seguins Pazzis Robert Buron Jean de Broglie

Outcome of Agreements

French President Charles de Gaulle wanted to maintain French interests in the area, including industrial and commercial primacy and control over Saharan oil reserves. In addition, the European French community (the colon population), the pieds-noirs and indigenous Sephardi Jews in Algeria were guaranteed religious freedom and property rights as well as French citizenship with the option to choose between French and Algerian citizenship after three years. In exchange, Algeria received access to technical assistance and financial aid from the French government. Algerians were permitted to continue freely circulating between their country and France for work, although they would not have political rights equal to French citizens. The OAS right-wing movement opposed the negotiations through a series of bombings and an assassination attempt against De Gaulle at Clamart in Paris in August 1962.

The agreements included an article which stated that "Algeria concedes to France the use of certain air bases, terrains, sites and military installations which are necessary to it." The agreement specifically permitted France to maintain its naval base at Mers El Kébir for another fifteen years and facilities for underground nuclear testing in the Sahara; France withdrew from the base in 1967, only five years after the agreement.

Outside of these agreements, the historian Alistair Horne comments that most provisions of the agreements were to be overtaken by events. The wholesale exodus of almost all of the million-strong European community immediately prior to independence made the three year transition clauses a dead letter, while the widespread killings of Muslims who had served as auxiliaries (harkis) with the French Army was in direct contravention of the amnesty provisions of the treaty.

See also

• Fifth French Republic
• France in the twentieth century

Bibliography

• Adler, Stephen. International Migration and Dependence. Gower Publishing Company, Ltd. (Hampshire: 1977).
• Barkaoui, Miloud. "Kennedy and the Cold War imbroglio - the case of Algeria's independence." Arab Studies Quarterly. Spring 1999.
• Horne, Alistair (2017). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962. Cambridge University Press.
• McDougall, James. (2017). A History of Algeria. Cambridge University Press.
• McDougall, James. (2006). History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria. Cambridge University Press.